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Bucket-wheel excavators mine rare earth materials on Ukrainian soil on February 25, 2025, in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine. (Kostiantyn Liberov via Getty Images)
Africa
Africa
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Libyan protesters gather outside the offices of Muslim Brotherhood-backed Party of Justice and Construction, in the Libyan capital Tripoli on July 27, 2013 (MAHMUD TURKIA/AFP via Getty Images)
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December 11, 2019 Nigerian refugee women at the growing Awaridi refugee settlement now home to 9,000 plus mostly northern Nigerians who fled Boko Haram violence over the past few years. (Photo by Giles Clarke/Getty Images)
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Muslims perform Eid al-Adha morning prayers at Sultan Hassan Mosque (Photo by Omar Zoheiry/picture alliance via Getty Images)
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Women rest inside an indoor sports stadium in Pemba on May 22, 2021 (Photo by JOHN WESSELS/AFP via Getty Images)
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Pro-Iranian Hezbollah militants hold flags and shout slogans during the funeral procession of five men who were killed in clashes with Turkish army in the Syrian province of Idlib. (Marwan Naamani via Getty Images)
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Vice President of Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue gestures while arriving at the inauguration of Incumbent South African President Cyril Ramaphosa on May 25, 2019 (MICHELE SPATARI/AFP via Getty Images)
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Soldiers stand beside damaged operational vehicles recovered from Boko Haram jihadists on display at the headquarters of the 120th Battalion in Goniri, Yobe State, in Nigeria's restive northeast on July 3, 2019. (Audu Marte/AFP via Getty Images)
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Members of the Amhara militia walk along the road in a rural area near the village of Adi Arkay, 180 kilometers northeast from the city of Gondar, Ethiopia, on July 14, 2021.
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A man prays at Mary Grotto at St Leo Church, Ikeja, Lagos. Members of St. Leo Catholic Church, Ikaja in Lagos Nigeria, dramatize the Station of the Cross, suffering and death of Jesus Christ on Good Friday, April 14 2017 (Photo by Adekunle Ajayi/NurPhoto
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Relatives of abducted girls after the releasing 82 of school girls, kidnapped by Boko Haram in Chibok back in 2014, at Aso Rock Presidential Villa in Abuja, Nigeria on May 7, 2017. (Photo by Sodiq Adelakun/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)
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Released students gather at the Government House with other students from the Government Science Secondary school, in Kankara, in northwestern Katsina State, Nigeria upon their release on December 18, 2020 (Photo by KOLA SULAIMON/AFP via Getty Images)
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Members of the Yansakai vigilante group sit inside the Zamfara State Government house as their members surrendered more than 500 guns as part of efforts to accept the peace process of the state government (Photo by KOLA SULAIMON/AFP via Getty Images)
Experts
James Barnett
Research Fellow
Joshua Meservey
Senior Fellow
Zineb Riboua
Research Fellow, Center for Peace and Security in the Middle East
