This publication examines the legal parameters of the term "effective control" under international law in the context of an occupation and asserts that the application of the standards of the test for "effective control" indicates that
![Border patrol officers pull barbed wires as irregular immigrants coming from Central and South America who have gathered in the town of Ciudad Juarez on the Mexican border continue to wait at the US border on March 20, 2024, in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. (Photo by Christian Torres/Anadolu via Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/16_9_sm/public/2025-01/GettyImages-2092456479.jpg?h=b0d169d7&itok=24WdaEF5)
Caption
Border patrol officers pull barbed wires as immigrants wait at the United States border on March 20, 2024, in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. (Christian Torres/Anadolu via Getty Images)