This study presents evidence about the direct and indirect economic effects of the rural telecommunications industry. The direct effects consider the industry from the perspective of national income accounting (the approach used to calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure). The indirect economic effects are not measured in income accounting.

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Iranian workers walk past a destroyed residential building due to Israeli attacks in Tehran, Iran, on June 13, 2025. (Morteza Nikoubazl via Getty Images)